History and Pros of Animal Testing Essay - 1233 Words

History and Pros of Animal Testing Abstract: Animal research refers to the use of non-human animals for testing or experimenting on. The first recorded use of animals for testing started with the Greeks in the third and fourth century BC. The use of animals for testing is usually in the basic fields of; biomedical research, security, evaluation and education of a product. It is estimated that almost 50 million—100 million animals are tested on and killed annually, but this is usually done to make a product safer for humans. Part one: History There has been no earlier reference to testing of animals, than in the writing of the Greeks. In about the third or fourth century BC, Aristotle (384-322 BC) and Erasistratus (304-258 BC) were†¦show more content†¦However, one of the most famous animal testing happened in 1996; Dolly, the first mammal to be cloned, was born. In history, animal testing has brought a lot of scientific accomplishments but, along with the accomplishments there have also been a lot of preventions of animal testing in history as well. In 1789, an animal testing moral debate was started by Barristor and Jeremy Beuthom they were quoted to say, â€Å"Can the animals suffer?† (CAAT) After this debate in 1813 by the two debaters, Marshall Hall proposed a Code of Ethics for experimenting on animals. In England of 1895, Queen Victoria asked to condemn the horrible practice of testing on animals. However, a British surgeon testified that this would restrict and prevent further scientific discoveries. In 1876, right before the Pasteur used animals to study infectious disease, the British Curelty to Animals Act was unveiled. In this act animal testers had to apply for a license each year before testing on animals. And also any experiments that would inflict pain to the animals would need special permissions. (CAAT) The Three R’s of animal testing was introduced in 1989 by Russell and Burch when the published â€Å"The Principles of Human Experimental Techniques.† This publication stated: -Replacement—use alternative methods -Reduction—reduce number of animals used in each experiment -Refinement—to reduce suffering on the animals, improve the experiment. Besides preventions and restrictionsShow MoreRelatedShould Animal Testing Be Used For Scientific Or Commercial Testing? Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pagessemester. Animal testing is a broad and controversial topic to many people because scientist and doctors are testing products on animals. Instead of testing on animals there are other ways to test products on. To prevent animal testing, one can buy cruelty-free products, educate others, help stop cosmetic testing or make donations to organizations that are against testing on animals. For my topic, I choose to research whether animals should be used for scientific or commercial testing. I intendRead MoreEssay on The Use of Animal Research 1431 Words   |  6 PagesHow will animal research tell us the outcomes of the human body? How can we live longer and healthier lives with the use of animals? Do animals have a link to the human body that we are able to prove that trying new drugs or new cosmetics will be a benefit for us? I disagree. I believe we test on animals to figure out what are the possible outcomes for humans; however, the use of animals is cruel and unnecessary because they do not have a similar body system as humans do. We use at least a millionsRead MoreAnimal Testing : Is It Beneficial For The World1106 Words   |  5 PagesSergio Ramon Mr.Rear English III 30 June 2015 Animal Testing: Is it really Beneficial For The World â€Å"Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisoned, and abused in US labs every year† (11 Facts). Animal testing is a very flawed creation in today’s world. This innovation has caused much harm to many animals while also hurting the opinions of animal activists around the world. Animal testing is also known as the use of animals in experiments and development projects usually to determine toxicityRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1077 Words   |  5 Pages Did you know that in the United States alone 26 million animals are used in testing each year? Did you know the Federal Animal Welfare Act (AWA) does not protect 95% of animals in experiments and testing and that over 97 thousand animals that experience pain are not given drugs to ease the pain? That the United States and Gabon are the only two countries that allow testing on chimpanzees? Animal testing has been used worldwide and for many different matters, but does the use of it really help and Read MoreEssay about Animal Rights1553 Words   |  7 Pagesissue of animal experimentation is a widely debated topic in the United States. A fundamental question of this debate is whether the functions of animal testing and research are morally and ethically justified. In the viewpoint of the pro-research community, animal testing is a necessary practice. They support this position by stating that humans, instinctually, prioritize their own survival above other animals thus making any use of animals justifiable (Fox 5). The supporters of animal testing believeRead MoreEssay about Animal Testing605 Words   |  3 PagesAnimals have long sense been a part of human life. The dog for example is thought to have been the first animal to be domesticated by humans, sometime around 13,000–10,000 B.C., from wolves. It is not known for sure how humans gained the trust of the Canines but in any event they did, and soon found dogs to be reliable companions. Animals have aided us any m any ways, from offering protection and companionship. They should be respected and loved for loyalty; however it has been a very common practiceRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And Animal Experiments1619 Words   |  7 PagesYou can’t even decide when the lights go on and off. (Cruelty to Animals in Laboratories.)† This is the horrifying reality that animals used in animal experiments have to face. Animal experimentation is the use of animals in scientific research. Animals help scientists learn more about diseases that occur in humans and animals. Scientists also use animals to test new treatments, medicines, surgical techniques, and more. Different animals can be used for these experiments and the experiments can sometimesRead More Medical Testing On Animals Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesMedical Testing On Animals Medical testing on animals is a very controversial topic that touches almost every individuals life whether they realize it or not. 16 million diabetic people enjoy life they would otherwise not have if it werent for the dogs, rabbits, and, fish that endured tests to help scientists discover treatments and produce insulin. Cardiovascular disease is high on the list of American killers. The procedures used to treat this affliction such as surgical techniquesRead MoreRuthless Or Progressive Animal Testing1396 Words   |  6 PagesSharon Graham ENG 102 VF 08 October 2015 Ruthless or Progressive Animal Testing Curious minds since the beginning of time have used animals to explore deeper into the realms of science, whether behavioral or biomedical. Despite many medical advances since, people have developed a division between what they feel is beneficial or not to the modernizing world as to whether animal cruelty is acceptable and humane or not. Animal testing is research science, typically regarding chemical exposures, drugRead MoreAnimal Testing is Necessary, but Should All Testing of Pharmaceuticals be Carried Out on Animals?869 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Animals have been used for pharmaceutical testing throughout history. The Greeks in early BC were the first to carry out animal testing using live animals to test experiments and different medicines on. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_animal_testing) Animal testing has provided many positives to human lives but is still a controversial issue. Some people believe that animal testing is unnecessary and alternatives should be considered. Others believe animal testing is essential to

The Significance of the Black Death in Europe - 1916 Words

The Significance of The Black Death In Europe The Black Death, which swept across Europe between 1347 and 1351, had significance in all areas of life and culture: economic, social, psychological, and even religious. It ushered in a new age for all of Europe, in many ways speeding up the change from the medieval to modern era. In under a five year time span, one-third of Europe’s population died. There is some speculation that the toll was actually more than one-third, and could have reached as much as one-half. Entire towns and cities were completely decimated by the illness in extremely brief periods of time. The arrival of the plague, and the speed with which it spread, struck panic across the continent as a whole. It would be†¦show more content†¦Florence was not as fortunate, losing an estimated four-fifths of its population (Sherman, p 283). After the disease had traveled along most of the trade routes of Europe, its course became more scattered, touching Bavaria, making its way to Germany, and eventually reaching Britain. In Spain and Portugal, the plague came inland from the port cities at a slower pace than Italy and France. Spain was the only country to lose a ruling monarch to the disease, King Alfonse XI of Castile. He refused to leave his troops and isolate himself, becoming ill, and finally dying on March 26, 1350. There were few areas of Europe that escaped, those areas being lightly-populated, and lightly-traveled. Highly-populated cities suffered the most, losing huge numbers of inhabitants. It is estimated that Paris, for example, lost as much as half its population (Sherman, p 283). There has been some debate as to exactly which illness struck Europe. More than one type of plague exists, with the two most prevalent being the Bubonic and Pneumonic. There is also another form, Enteric Plague, which attacked the victim’s digestive system, and killed too quickly for any kind of diagnosis. The Bubonic Plague is carried by rodents, such as rats, and is transmitted to humans by the fleas who come from them. A person struck by the Bubonic Plague would experience a headache, chills, and fever.Show MoreRelatedThe Plague Of The Bubonic Plague825 Words   |  4 PagesThe Plague Discussion Questions The Black Death was an epizootic bubonic plague, a disease caused by the bacterium of rodents known as Yersinia pestis. The bubonic plague overwhelming effects of European history. The Black Death was considered one of the most â€Å"devastating pandemics† in human history. Whom Did the Black Death Affect The Black death affected mostly Europe. â€Å"The disastrous mortal disease known as the Black Death spread across Europe in the years 1346-53.† (Paragraph 1) â€Å"By the endRead MoreRenaissance in Europe829 Words   |  4 Pagesapproximately 1375 to 1527, an event known as the Renaissance took place in Europe. This was the establishment of an entirely new way of life; there was a vast rebirth of knowledge and arts which changed Europe completely. Due to events such as the rediscovery of classical works, the Black Death, the invention of the printing press, and the development of humanism, the Renaissance greatly influenced Europe on many levels. Europe gained more wealth, which led to the progression of a new focus on art andRead MoreThe Black Plague Of Middle Ages1257 Words   |  6 PagesMiddle Aged Europe was an expansive period of time and marked the beginning of the Renaissance. A period of time in which reformation of important social aspects such as religion, edu cation, and the arts was active and advancing at a rapid rate. Significance of intellectual inquiry and the belief in the human mind helped shape many new philosophical ideas and theories that would be spoken about for hundreds of years. This increasingly advanced period of time was quickly halted around the middle ofRead MoreThe Late Middle Ages And Medieval Times996 Words   |  4 Pagesrenaissance. The Black Death, Dante’s The Divine Comedy, and Paolo Ucello’s The Battle of San Romano were very significant during the Late Middle Ages and thus significantly helped to lead to the end of the Medieval Times and towards development of the Renaissance. The Black Death was the beginning of the end of the Late Middle Ages and Medieval Times. Decreasing Europe’s population by twenty-five to fifty percent in just four short years, the Bubonic Plague was devastating. Europe during this timeRead MoreThe Historical Conditions For Economic Development1627 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic development, the change in development of countries has lead to enormous transformations of both political and social state. Why did China refuse between the year 1400 and 1980 only to re-build a major presence in the world economy? Why did Europe, an area separated by suffering and strife after the downfall of the Roman Empire, become the existence of modern economic growth? As experts on these two regions of the world, we make particular differences of similar processes. I start with aRead MoreThe Black Plague Of Europe915 Words   |  4 PagesI watched the documentary â€Å"The Black Plague of Europe† -produced by the History Channel (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =V9H9IDqJgE ). The documentary covered the whole range of black plague from begin to end of where it spread. This documentary told how the people felt and actual sources of their reactions to the black plague. I was able to learn a lot from the documentary versus the film. The film I watched was called â€Å"Black Death† (Black death [Motion picture]. (2011). One movie; 01 Distribution)Read MoreThe Renaissance: the Invention of the Printing Press and Its Effects1614 Words   |  7 PagesAt the height of the Hussite crisis in the early 1400s, when the authorities ordered 200 manuscripts of heretical writings burned, people on both sides realized quite well the significance of that act. Two hundred handwritten manuscripts would be hard to replace. Not only would it be a time consuming job, but also trained scribes would be hard to find. After all, most of them worked for the Church, and it seemed unlikely that the Church would loan out its scribes to copy the works of hereticsRead MoreThe Period Of The Middle Ages1007 Words   |  5 Pageswould presumably be death. What happens is the blood vessels in the body deteriorate and the body turns black. The loss of fingers and toes occurs and then you will absolutely die. The Plague influenced all of Europe. People travelled on the regular and traded into Asia, China, etc. As a result, plague spread along trade routes. The population of Europe was not healthy to begin with and correspondingly, plague got really bad really quick. Evidently, half of the population of Europe dies. Plague is whatRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials And The Early Civilizations1725 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause they depended on it, but things were different in Europe during the Middle AGes. With the added influence of Christian f aith, and the advancement of technology, many Europeans developed a fear of the unknown, and fear for the forces that they believed were supernatural and influenced by the devil. This terror and fear for the scientifically advanced confusion resulted in the persecution and hunt of all of the unknown, the witches of Europe. Although Witchcraft is mainly associated with The TownRead MoreCritical Commentary of Frantz Fanon925 Words   |  4 Pagestext and the world do not correspond, and asking how Fanon, the revolutionary, would think and act in the period of retrogression.† A complete study of 1968 and its legacies in Europe can not solely deal with events that occurred on the continent. 1968 was, in fact, a â€Å"global phenomenon†; with ideas perpetrated in Europe reaching as far as Mexico, China, and India, but to name a few . The beginning of this mutualistic relationship between â€Å"New Left† groups on different continents (which spawned the

Case Study Athina free essay sample

Purpose: Recommendations for the CFO of Athina Building Supplies Ltd. We are writing to you on behalf of IV Consulting Group after closely examining the financial statements of your national retail and commercial building supplier chain, Athina Building Supplies Ltd. ’s. We have stumbled upon several issues, which will be discussed in detail below. We have prepared an insightful report on our findings and recommendations as asked for by the CFO of the national chain. Though the CFO is whom we are reporting too, we have considered how our advice will affect other key stakeholders of Athina such as the investors and CRA (assuming it is a Canadian firm), as it is inevitable to undermine the recommendations’ impact on them as well. First and foremost, even though Athina Building Supplies Ltd. is now a private business it was once linked to a national chain. Assuming the national chain complied under IFRS, it would prove more reasonable to incur less costs of switching to ASPE and also to continue using IFRS in case Athina requires a bank loan or ultimately plans for an IPO in the future (since investors currently are foreseeing success and growth for Athina). Athina was sold to its present investors for $1,000,000 as they believed that the stores would be more successful if they were managed by companies with expertise in the particular department. If Athina earns a net income of over $500,000, it must pay 25% to the national chain up until 2019 (2017-2019). Athina has recently closed their 2017 financial statements and have a new income of $510,000. This reveals that according to Athina investors, the national chain is presently owed $2,500. The users of the financial statements would most importantly be the CFO, followed by the investors. The CFO and investors have two very contradicting objectives, on one hand, the investors will want to minimize their income because if their income exceeds $500,000, 25% of it must be paid to the national chain for the next three years (from 2017 to 2019). On the other hand, the CFO will want to maximize Athina’s net income to guarantee receiving 25% from investors. The last objective, stewardship was also kept in mind while reaching to a conclusion because Athinas investors are responsible for managing it on behalf of the national chain thus they must report their financial statements to the national chain. In this report we will be focusing on income maximization as the main objective since the CFO is the primary user. We will also be considering income minimization and stewardship as secondary objectives to show opposite impacts. ISSUE 1 As a retail and commercial building supply dealer, Athina does business in cash and credit transactions. Customers are given up to 90 days to pay, and no customer has defaulted on any amounts they owe as of yet. As of December 31, 2017 customers owe $275,000 and costs associated with this revenue is $150,000 however Athina does not recognize these sales as revenue because cash has not been collected yet. In efforts to support the primary objective, the $275,000 should be recognized right away since all five IFRS criteria is met by doing so (Refer to Appendix 5). Once the sales have been made the risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to customers thus Athina no longer has control. The figure of the amount for revenue and cost is clear and collection is reasonable as Athina has mentioned no customer has ever defaulted. With all of this in mind, there is no reason Athina cannot recognize the $275,000 except that it will not meet their income minimization objective, but it will meet the CFO’s objective. Thus the $275,000 and the matching cost of $150,000 should be recorded right away. ISSUE 2 In 2017, it was discovered that certain assets purchased several years ago were not depreciated. It is inevitable to avoid expensing the depreciation cost of $175,000 for these assets, however in order to comply with the primary objective and still correctly report the depreciation expense in the 2017 financial statements, a solution has come to our attention. Generally, depreciation expenses with assets are recorded right away, yet Athina’s management failed to do so as an error and therefore this can be seen a usual/non-recurring item. The solution is to deduct the $175,000 as an unusual/non-recurring expense after a net income has been calculated for the business’s normal transactions (Refer to Appendix 1). Objectives of the investors will not be met with this solution as it maximizes income and pay out amount, but their method is still correct as well. ISSUE 3 In mid-2013 (assuming April), Athina obtained a five year dealership for kitchen cabinets, the contract was not renewed in 2017 but $210,000 were spent by Athina within 2013-2107 to set up displays to promote the line. $210,000 was capitalized and amortized over 10 years, and since it was discovered the products will not sell beyond April 2018, the unamortized portion was written off. The displays’ expense at December 31, 2017 becomes $105,000, meaning a remainder of another $105,000 is left to be expensed. (Refer to Appendix 2) In order to support the primary objective, and also provide a benefit for Athina’s management, the remaining $105,000 should have not been written off in 2017 but instead in 2018. This is beneficial in two ways, not expensing the amount in 2017 meets the CFO’s income maximization objective and for Athina’s management, because they are now aware they will not be able to sell the products beyond 2018, they should still use the remaining displays they have to sell as much of the product possible before April 2018 to attempt to cover or reduce the write-off cost. With this attempt, they are also not violating the matching principle in case they do make sales in 2018, then they will have the write-off cost to match with their revenue (Refer to Appendix 2). ISSUE 4 From examining the income statement and balance sheet for the year-end 2017, we learned that Athina purchased fairly old and poor condition heavy equipment at an auction for $225,000 and thus it needed repairs worth $125,000. These repairs prolonged its life for at least another ten years. The $225,000 was capitalized and $125,000 was expensed. Whether the $125,000 is a repair expense or betterment, is ambiguous therefore it is up to Athina to decide if capitalizing or expensing it is more beneficial to their reporting objectives. We as consultants believe, the repair cost of $125,000 should not have been expensed, but rather capitalized making the equipment worth $350,000 (225,000+125,000). Although the $125,000 was the cost to repair the old equipment, it was made to improve the asset and increase its useful life hence making it betterment. When this asset is capitalized, the cost would be spread out over ten years and just the yearly depreciation would be expensed. By eliminating the repair expense of $125,000, the net income and retained earnings are increased, subsequently, and comply with the CFO’s objective. Since income maximization is the primary objective, it is vital to capitalize the equipment for $350,000 and record a depreciation expense of $35,000 annually. Even though for Athina, the alternative of expensing the repair would mean a lower net income and compliance with their objective, it is a poor managerial decision because the equipment has more value now due to its extended life, which occurred only because of the repair and this must be acknowledged (Refer to Appendix 3). ISSUE 5 On July 15 2017, Athina signed a ten-year contract for $200,000 (non-refundable fee) with J. Alexander Songs Plumbing Ltd. to run their plumbing department. Capitalizing this asset is inappropriate because according to IFRS, it has no future benefit hence should be recorded as revenue. This revenue could be recorded in two ways. The first option is to recognize the $200,000 all at once or recognize it as unearned revenue and recognize the revenue over the term of the contract. Both are valid options and follow the five revenue recognition criteria set by IFRS (refer to Appendix 4). The alternative that maximizes the net income and meets the primary objective is recognizing all of $200,000 at once. Once the contract has been signed and the $200,000, non-refundable fee has been handed over to Athina, risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to J. Alexander Songs Plumbing Ltd. The figure of the amount for revenue and cost is clear and collection of the fee has already occurred, also displaying Athina no longer having control over the department. The second alternative meets the same criteria but does not match primary objective as you record portions of the $200,000 ($20,000 each year=$200,000/10years) as it is earned. Since the main objective is to increase net income, and all five revenue recognition criteria have been met under IFRS, there is no constraint forbidding Athina to record it in 2017. This is not ideal for investors, as they now have to pay a larger 25% from the net income, but legal for the CFO to request of Athina to report the total amount all at once. To conclude, the net income before unusual or non- recurring items after the recommendations have been implemented is $1,240,000. The payout to the national chain is $ 310,000 (25%) as opposed to the previous $2,500 (Refer to Appendix 5). This benefits the national chain in two ways- first, the increase of their net income and cash complies with the CFO’s main objective of increasing net income and secondly, an increase in revenue due to the success of Athina will attract other investors to invest in Athina, continuously making it a growing and prosperous business. Appendix 1 Entries performed by Athina Management: Dr. Depreciation Expense 175,000 Cr. Accumulated Depreciation 175,000 To record the depreciation expense Dr. Net Income175,000 Cr. Depreciation Expense175,000 To close the depreciation account for the period ending 2017 Recommended Entries by IV Consulting Group: Dr. Depreciation Expense 175,000 Cr. Unusual/Non-recurring Items 175,000 To record depreciation expense Dr. Net Income175,000 Cr. Depreciation Expense175,000 To close the depreciation account for the period ending 2017 Adjusted Net Income Before Unusual/ Non- Recurring Items (December 31st, 2017) $1,240,000 Athina’s Final Net Income After Unusual/ Non- Recurring Items (December 31st, 2017) $1,065,000 $1,240,000-$175,000= $1,065,000 Appendix 2 Cost of Displays: $210,000 (assumed to be bought April 2013, â€Å"mid-2013†) Number of Useful Years: 10 years Conjecture Residual Value: $0 Conjecture Depreciation Method: Straight-Line Depreciation Expense, Year Ended 2017= ($210,000/10 years) x 5 years = $105,000 Unamortized Amount, Year Ended 2017 = $210,000 -$105,000= $105,000 Write off Expense for 2017= $0 Write-off for 2018 (regardless of additional revenue made prior April 2018) = $105,000 Appendix 3 Correct Entry: Dr. Equipment 350,000 Cr. Cash 350,000 Record Purchase of Equipment Incorrect Entry: Dr. Equipment 225,000 Dr. Repair Expense 125,000 Cr. Cash 350,000 Record purchase of equipment Appendix 4 Criteria provided by IFRS for identifying the critical event for recognizing revenue on sale of goods is: a Significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred from the seller to the buyer—performance b The seller has no involvement or control over the goods sold—performance c Collection of payment is reasonably assured—collectability d Amount of revenue can be reasonably measured—measurability e Period/Product costs of earning the revenue can be reasonably measured (Freidlan, 171)1 Appendix 5 Net Income (December 31, 2017) $510,000 Adjustments Revenue from Builders and Contractors $275,000 Revenue: non-refundable contract fee 200,000 Cost of Goods Sold (150,000) Depreciation Expense Reversal, considered a unusual or non-recurring item 175,000 Write-off Reversal 105,000 Repair Expense Reversal 125,000 Net Income Before Unusual or Non- Recurring Items (December 31, 2017) $1,240,000 Payout to National Chain (25% of Net Income) 310,000 Unusual or Non- Recurring Items Expense (175,000) Net Income After Unusual or Non- Recurring Items (December 31, 2017) $1,065,000

The Impacts of Introducing an E-Commerce System to an Organisation Essay Example

The Impacts of Introducing an E-Commerce System to an Organisation Essay The impacts of introducing an e-commerce system to the organisation are followed: †¢Organisation can carry out their business without concerning about time and distance. Customer just can log in to organisation’s website whenever they wish to and purchase in single mouse click. †¢Organisation eliminates processing errors; make it faster and convenient for the visitor. †¢Organisation can sell their services/products directly to customers while cutting the costs of traditional retailing method. E. g. E-tailer does not have to spend so much on an expensive high street company. †¢Organisation can reach much wider customers; which means organisation can sell their products/services worldwide rather than being limited to one place. †¢Requires low running cost compare to introducing business on land based. †¢Helps organisation to reduce the delivery time, labour cost and the cost incurred in various area such as document preparation, error detection and correction, reconciliation, mail preparation, telephone calling, supervision expenses etc. The risks of introducing an e-commerce system to an organisation: †¢Risk to organisation information and intellectual property from internal staff and trading partners. It is difficult to control how sensitive information will be handled by third parties or contract workers. †¢Hacker exploitation could cause errors in software applications design, technical implementation or system operation. System could be subject virus attack which may cause non-deliberate alteration on organisation images or web messages. Hence organisation will face embarrassment and damage to business reputation. †¢Credit card payment fraud. †¢Malicious attack from inside or outside the organisation. †¢Technical failure or infrastructure failure which could put halt on the business. Organisation could lose customers hence revenue until system get back on running. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impacts of Introducing an E-Commerce System to an Organisation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Impacts of Introducing an E-Commerce System to an Organisation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Impacts of Introducing an E-Commerce System to an Organisation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer